1. The attainment of aim and results of the project

Objective: To promote the sustainability of the building industry in Latvia, and globally, by developing a new concept for low-energy buildings using ecological and renewable materials and energy systems.

At the end of project implementation, the guidelines of the new concept for low-energy buildings from ecological and renewable natural resources was developed and contains: 1) materials and structural solutions for low-energy, eco-friendly houses built from Latvian renewable resources; 2) recommendations for efficient reviewable energy engineering systems with an aim to meet nZEB requirements; 3) data analyse of eco-house’s microclimate; 4) life-cycle assessment.
Implementation of the project started with the development of novel eco-building materials by using a large quantity of natural fibres, coming from agriculture and wood processing. After that, thermal properties of experimentally developed plant origin fibre eco-materials were improved (density 200-400 kg/m³, specific heat capacity 1100-2000 J/(kg*K), etc.) by using macro-capsulated and micro-capsulated phase change materials. Fire resistance and resistance against mould growth of novel material had been improved in the second stage of project implementation. Prototyping had begun on structural elements (prototypes) from plant origin fibre insulation materials together with load-bearing wood elements. Prototypes of wall structures with increased thermal properties were tested in the laboratory and in-situ. A special sensors system was developed to validate the newly developed structures and later proposed design principles in Latvian climatic conditions. The sensor system collected real data about moisture, temperature, heat flow etc., and were integrated into the test stands (in laboratory and in-situ) providing new knowledge about the microclimate of eco-friendly houses.
Work on a 3D model of the eco-building had begun according to the results obtained from the first stage of the project. The developed 3D model was used to model the microclimate, to find the most optimal solutions of renewable energy engineering systems, and to perform a life-cycle assessment of the low-energy, eco-friendly building. Renewable energy engineering systems were selected and tested with the aim of increase the energy-effectiveness of the eco-friendly building, using optimal designs for heating, ventilation and conditioning systems, to provide the necessary microclimate for human health.
A new concept of low-energy, eco-friendly buildings using local and renewable resources was developed to promote the sustainability of the building industry. The new design concept is different from the existing low-energy house design principles, using new generation, eco-friendly building materials and structures (λ=0.04-0.07 W/m*K, density 200-400 kg/m³, specific heat capacity 1100-2000 J/(kg*K) and optimised renewable energy engineering systems.
A significant increase in scientific capacity and competence, and the training of new specialists is necessary for the effective development of the construction of eco-buildings in Latvia. Several students (also doctoral students) and young scientists were involved in project implementation.
The transfer of scientific ideas and new technologies to the construction industry is one of the aims of this project. Thereof, cooperation with eco-house producer company WWL Houses was in scope of this project. This project was oriented towards scientific collaboration. Collaboration with partner was based on the sharing of competencies, infrastructure and human resources during the project’s implementation.
Nine non-patented scientific intellectual properties were planned and are developed during the project (two functional models, one 3D model, three prototypes, two new products and two methodologies). The scientific results obtained during the project were planned to be reported at five international conferences and published four scientific papers (take look in the list of Annex). This goal is reached (in total have been published twelve scientific papers), but some additional scientific papers are planned to be published after implementation of project.

1. Implementation progress and further activities

The planned research was divided into eight WPs:
WP2. Development of innovative insulation materials from plant origin fibres (different hemp shives, flax shives and wood chips) with improved heat insulation properties.
WP3. Development of a rational 3D model of the low-energy eco-friendly house
WP4. Selection of the most effective, renewable energy engineering-technical solution for the eco-friendly house.
WP5. Modelling of microclimate and energy consumption in the low-energy, eco-friendly house.
WP6. Life cycle analysis of the low-energy eco-friendly house.
WP7. Study of social opinions regarding ‘green’ lifestyles, eco-friendly buildings and practical involvement in the process of saving resources.
WP8. Development of guidelines for “A new concept for low-energy buildings made from ecological and renewable natural resources”
All activities within the WPs, according to the timetable, are finished, all milestones are reached and results are described in the deliverables submitted as Annexes. Copies of already published scientific articles are included as Annexes, but scientific papers which are submitted or accepted for publishing, but still are not included in scientific data bases, are mentioned in the final report. Participation in conferences, organization of conferences, seminars and other public-related activities are mentioned in the final report as well.
Meetings (20.04.2020., 20.07.2020., 23.11.2020.,21.12.2020., 01.02.2021., 11.03.2021., 26.04.2021., 09.09.2021., 13.09.2021., 01.12.2021., 11.04.2022., 03.11.2022., 13.03.2023) of the WP leaders were organized once every three months, or more often if necessary, for the presentation of obtained results, coordination of further activities depending on obtained results, for the organization of planned public events and for solving problems that have arisen, etc.
The scientific seminar/project meeting was organized on July 7, 2021in the production premises of the cooperation partner SIA “WWL Houses”, Jelgavas Street 27, Kalnciems, Latvia. During the seminar, the researchers involved in the project and the employees of WWL Houses Ltd. were introduced to the Trombe wall which was built in the production premises, which, using solar heat, produce the additional thermal energy for heating the production premises during the coldest period of the year. The results and findings were presented, as well as round table discussions on the progress of future projects were organized. The second seminar/project meeting was organised at 29.04.2022 under title "Project results and discussion with industrial partners, students and RTU administration". 24 participants took place and main results of the project implementation were discussed.
Information about project results was given at 62. International Scientific Conference of RTU, October 28, 2021, Riga, Latvia by project leader Diana Bajare “A new concept for low-energy eco-friendly house” (oral presentation).
Seven on-line or life conferences were attended and obtained project results were presented by several researchers and students:

1. V. Satrevics, “Investigation of social opinion of green lifestyle and eco-friendly buildings. Decision making criteria”, International Conference “Advanced Construction and Architecture 2020“, September 23 – 25, 2020, Kaunas, Lithuania, (oral presentation);
2. D. Bajare, “The impact of the amount of water used in activation solution and the initial temperature of paste on the rheological behaviour and structural evolution of metakaolin-based geopolymer pastes”, International Conference “Advanced Construction and Architecture 2020“, September 23 – 25, 2020, Kaunas, Lithuania, (oral presentation);
3. A. Staveckis, “Evaluation of heating and cooling loads for a well-insulated single-family house under variable climate pattern”, The Conference of Environmental and Climate Technologies CONECT 2021, 12-14 May, 2021, Riga, Latvia, (oral presentation);
4. L. Vitola “Light weight alkali-activated metacaolin-based products” 62. International Scientific Conference of RTU, October 28, 2021, Riga, Latvia (oral presentation);
5. Diana Bajare “A new concept for low-energy eco-friendly house” 62. International Scientific Conference of RTU, October 28, 2021, Riga, Latvia (oral presentation);
6. L. Vitola “Sustainable bio-based composites”, 10^th UBT Annual International Conference on Civil Engineering, Infrastructure and Environment, October 29 – 30, 2021, Pristina, Kosovo (oral presentation);
7. L. Vitola “Sustainable building materials based on hemp shives and geopolymer paste”, 2^nd International Symposium on “Sustainable Construction”, September 2, 2021, Italy, (oral presentation);
8. G. Bumanis "PCM in Hempcrete for nearly zero energy buildings”, The conference of environmental and climate technologies (CONECT 2022), 11-13.05.22, Latvia (poster);
9. D. Bajare "Development of innovative insulation materials from the plant origin fibres", 5th International Conference “Innovative Materials, Structures and Technologies” (IMST 2022), 28-30.09.2022, Latvia (oral presentation);
10. I. Pundiene "The effect of MWCNTS on the structure of lightweight porous composite" 5th International Conference “Innovative Materials, Structures and Technologies” (IMST 2022), 28-30.09.2022, Latvia (poster);
11. J. Zemītis "Ventilation and Thermal comfort: Single family houses", 5th International Conference “Innovative Materials, Structures and Technologies” (IMST 2022), 28-30.09.2022, Latvia (poster);
12. A. Satrevics "Evaluation of heating and cooling loads for a well-insulated single-family house under variable climate pattern", 5th International Conference “Innovative Materials, Structures and Technologies” (IMST 2022), 28-30.09.2022, Latvia (poster).

Twelve scientific papers are published and included in the Scopus data base (copies are included as annexes):

1. Bumanis G., Andzs M., Sinka M., Bajare D., Fire Resistance of Phosphogypsum- and Hemp-Based Bio-Aggregate Composite with Variable Amount of Binder, Journal of Composite Science, 2023, 7, 118 (Open Access) (CiteScore in 2021-3.6, SNIP in 2021-1.074).
2. Prozuments A., Borodinecs A., Bebre G., Bajare D., A Review on Trombe Wall Technology Feasibility and Applications. Sustainability, 2023, 15, (Open Access) (CiteScore in 2021 – 5.0 and SNIP in 2020 – 1.310).
3. Prozuments A., Borodinecs A., Bajare D, Trombe Wall System’s Thermal Energy Output Analysis at a Factory Building, Energies, 2023, 16(4), (Open Access) (CiteScore in 2021-5.0, SNIP in 2021-1.104).
4. Bumanis G., Bajare D., PCM Modified Gypsum Hempcrete with Increased Heat Capacity for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings, Environmental and Climate Technologies, 2022, 26(1), pp. 524–534 (CiteScore in 2021-2.3, SNIP in 2021-0.770).
5. Vitola, L., Gendelis, S., Sinka, M., Pundiene, I., Bajare, D. Assessment of Plant Origin By-Products as Lightweight Aggregates for Bio-Composite Bounded by Starch Binder, Energies, 2022, 15(15), (CiteScore in 2021-5.0, SNIP in 2021-1.104).
6. Vitola, L., Vilnitis, M., Pundiene, I., Bajare, D., Sustainable building materials based on hemp shives and geopolymer paste, Journal of Physics, 2022, 2162(1), (Open Access) (CiteScore in 2021-0.8, SNIP in 2021-0.395).
7. Pundiene I., Vitola L., Pranckeviciene, J., Bajare, Hemp shive-based bio-composites bounded by potato starch binder: the roles of aggregate particle size and aspect ratio, Journal of Ecological Engineering, Volume 23, Issue 2, 2022 (CiteScore in 2020 – 1.8 and SNIP in 2020 – 0.866).
8. Bumanis G., Irbe I., Sinka M., Bajare D., Bio-deterioration of sustainable hemp shive bio-composite based on gypsum and phosphogypsum, Journal of Natural Fibers, 2021 (CiteScore in 2020 – 4.0 and SNIP in 2020 – 1.542).
9. Prozuments, A., Staveckis, A., Zemitis, J., Bajare, D., Evaluation of Heating and Cooling Loads for a Well-Insulated Single-Family House under Variable Climate Pattern, Environmental and Climate Technologies, 2021, 25(1), pp. 750–763 (CiteScore in 2020 – 2.3 and SNIP in 2020 – 1.372).
10. Bumanis, G., Vitola, L., Pundiene, I., Sinka, M., Bajare, D., Gypsum, geopolymers, and starch-alternative binders for bio-based building materials: A review and life-cycle assessment, Sustainability (Switzerland), 2020, 12(14), (Open Access) (CiteScore in 2021 – 5.0 and SNIP in 2020 – 1.310). This article has already 34 citations that confirms the importance of the topic.
11. Vitola, L., Pundiene, I., Pranckeviciene, J., Bajare, D., The impact of the amount of water used in activation solution and the initial temperature of paste on the rheological behaviour and structural evolution of metakaolin-based geopolymer pastes, Sustainability (Switzerland), 2020, 12(19), (Open Access) (CiteScore in 2021 – 5.0 and SNIP in 2020 – 1.310). This article has already 14 citations that confirms the importance of the topic.
12. Satrevics, V., Voronova, I., Bajare, D., Investigation of social opinion on green lifestyle and eco-friendly buildings. Decision making criteria, Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering, 2021, 28(1), pp. 56–71 (CiteScore in 2020 – 0.4 and SNIP in 2020 – 0.776).

Two annual student conferences were organized (April 28, 2021 and April 21, 2022) to reflect results obtained by the student’s.
5th International Scientific Conferences “Innovative materials, Structure and Technologies” IMST 2022 was organised September 28-30. 2022 (https://imst.rtu.lv/).
For stimulation of the student’s interest in the field of engineering sciences, four student thesis (bachelor and master) were supervised. RTU Master's student Mareks Petrauskis has defended his research work related to bio-composites made based on gypsum binder “Improvement of mechanical and physical properties, biological deterioration and fire reaction of gypsum-hemp shive bio-composites” (2021). RTU Bachelor's study representative Arturs Aleksandrs Kvacs has carried out a study on the determination of the properties of various hemp shives and their impact on the bio-composite production process and the properties of the obtained material within the framework of his study diploma project “Characterization of hemp fillers available on the Latvian market and suitability assessment for the creation of new construction bio-composites” (defended 2021). Maksims Saveljevs did bachelor's research thesis "Ecological thermal insulation materials" (supervisor A. Korjakins) and defended in 2022. Sandra Saveļjevas bachelor's research thesis "Modern solutions in the renovation of buildings, which would ensure the introduction of typical solution technologies in the renovation of serial buildings - a special project and increasing energy efficiency" was supervisor by A. Korjakins and defended in 2022.
Laura Vitola who is 4 year PhD student and she is planning to defend her thesis “Lightweight alkali-activated metakaolin-based products” in 2023 took part in the project implementation.
Patent application “Production method and application of thermal insulation material of biological origin with increased heat capacity” to the Latvian patent office was submitted. The acceptance of the patent application is planned in the end of year 2023.
Published popular-scientific paper “Possibilities of thrombus wall technology in Latvian climatic conditions” (magazine “Buvinženieris”, No 91, “Tromba sienas tehnoloģijas iespējas Latvijas klimatiskajos apstākļos”).
Education of doctoral students was carried out: Laura Vitola got CERTIFICATE OF APPRECIATION for participating in the 2nd International Workshop on “Modelling, Simulation and Data Analysis in Engineering and Physics Applications” MOSIDA 2021 - Online session, September 3rd, 2021 within the 5th International Conference on “Applied Physics, Simulation and Computing” APSAC 2021 - September 3-5, 2021.

1. The project target group

The building industry plays an important role in the development of a country’s social economy as it affects the life of the individual and society as a whole, as well as the ecological balance of the environment and nature. The building industry creates a material-technical basis for other sectors of the economy and clearly indicates the level of economic development of the country.
The goal of Latvia State is to increase the productivity of the Building sector by three times to reach the average of the top ten EU member states, to increase the turnover of the building industry from EUR 1.5 billion per year, currently, to EUR 3 billion per year, to improve the educational and professional qualification system for building professionals and to ensure that highly qualified professionals. Consequently, one of the project’s target groups is specialists in the building industry. Increasing the growth of industry creates a high demand for young professionals; therefore, students are the next target group of the project. They were educated not only on the construction of wooden buildings but also on the benefits related to the preservation of the environment.
In order to effectively implement the horizontal priorities of the project, reduce society's prejudices and increase society’s awareness of eco-buildings, public opinion on the utility of renewable resources and the public’s readiness to invest in innovative technologies for providing households with the necessary energy resources will be explored. Based on the results of the research, seminars on the construction of energy-efficient and ecological buildings, public benefits and future perspectives will be organised and popular scientific article will be prepared.
The fundamental requirement of the sustainable development of construction is to preserve the quality of the environment for future generations. Although non-renewable resources are decreasing each year, it is possible to use these resources economically and efficiently, or to replace them with renewable natural resources (without exceeding the possibilities of the regeneration of resources) to avoid a variety of environmental and health problems, including climate change, eutrophication of water bodies, a dangerous accumulation of chemicals in living organisms, the increase of waste and changes in landscapes and biotopes.
The implementation and use of the project’s results in practice will make it possible for the inhabitants of Latvia to choose a home with a suitable microclimate for living and optimal conditions for health that uses recyclable building materials and structures, and that preserves the environment and reduces pollution caused by the building process.
Although society still tends to believe myths about eco-buildings not being suitable for decades of living, customers are increasingly considering the construction of both traditional and eco-buildings. People are becoming aware of today’s advanced technologies that ensure the durability of eco-houses. In addition, wood and agriculture waste are resources that Latvians have used for a long time to build houses, as well as to create household tools. Manufacturers also notice prejudices, as well as changes in the choice of eco-houses. It is happening slowly in Latvia, but in the rest of the world, renewable raw materials are being used increasingly in complex structures and it is expected that the proportion of new eco-buildings will grow rapidly.

1.1.4. Scientific staff

The goals of the project were achieved because the qualifications of the associated scientific personnel, and their scientific experience is related to the science of Engineering and construction, Material science and Social science. Information on the scientific personnel involved is available in the attached CV to project proposal. The defined aim of the project corresponds to the competence of the project’s declaimer and available resources.

1.1.5. Cooperation, if applicable

The selection of our project partner was based on the fact that Ltd "WWL Houses" is a company that prioritizes innovation and strives to apply academic knowledge to practical production to improve its competitiveness. The company's primary focus is on constructing wood panel buildings, modular buildings, and producing wooden windows and doors. They manufacture buildings that meet passive house requirements through the use of innovative, low thermal conductivity multi-chamber windows. The company also invests in raising the competence of its employees and creating new knowledge in the production of lightweight wooden panels.
Ltd “WWL Houses” has previously conducted extensive research on determining the load-bearing capacity of ribbed panels under shear loadings through experimental investigation. Based on these results, they have calibrated numerical calculation models. They have also conducted detailed experimental studies on the shear behavior of screwed joints in structures made of plywood or plasterboard skins and wooden ribs. These results have been integrated into their design software by calibrating the nonlinear spring model for screwed joint simulation. Furthermore, they have conducted unique research on the experimental evaluation of modular building transport, lifting, and assembly loads. Such research enables them to produce safe and economical products with reduced material consumption, thereby increasing their competitiveness.
Moreover, Ltd “WWL Houses” has proven to be a reliable project partner, having previously collaborated on the implementation of ERDF project No.1.2.1.1/16/A/009 with “Forestry competence center” in cooperation with “Arccon” Ltd. This involved research into the production possibilities of multi-storey wooden modular houses and prototyping of especially wide solid wood and glued wood panel module houses. During the project, they designed, built, and experimentally tested three extra-large prototypes of wooden frame modules with dimensions of 5 x 12 m and a height of 4.2 m. They also developed building solutions and structural details for the construction of particularly large timber frame modules. This experience and knowledge are invaluable for implementing project activities related to the development and testing of novel building products (panels).
Ltd “WWL Houses” possesses all the necessary infrastructure to manufacture lightweight wooden panels (prototypes) with various sensors, such as humidity and temperature. They can also install these panels in real buildings or test them in factory conditions. With over 150,000 m2 of wooden panel buildings constructed, the company has extensive experience in addressing the challenges associated with such construction. Testing of developed engineering solutions and validation of developed models are among their main areas of expertise within project activities

1.1.6. The main amendments

The scientific project titled "Development of a new concept for the construction of low-energy buildings from ecological building materials" with the reference number 1.1.1.1/19/A/017, led by Dr.sc.ing. Diana Bajare, has reached all milestones and planned indicative results till October 2022. As a result of this accomplishment, Dr.sc.ing. D.Bajare has been offered a tenured professor position. Due to the increased workload associated with the new role, it was necessary to assign a new scientific leader for the project.
After evaluating all the key aspects required to achieve the project's goals, it was determined that one of the researchers involved in the project would be best suited to continue as the scientific leader. Recognizing the desire and capabilities of the employees to assume the responsibilities of the scientific manager, Dr.sc.ing. Ina Pundiene, the lead researcher, expressed her willingness to take on this role in the future (please refer to the attached CV of Dr. Pundiene). Before finalizing these changes, a thorough comparison was made between the project application information, including section 2.1, and Dr.sc.ing. I. Pundiene's submitted CV. It was concluded that Dr.sc.ing. Pundiene has extensive experience in scientific work, including the implementation of various research projects and a high Hirsch index for publications. Overall, Dr.sc.ing. Pundiene's experience was deemed sufficient to ensure the successful completion of the project's final stages and objectives.
Before assuming the duties of the scientific manager position (subject to CFLA acceptance), Dr.sc.ing. I.Pundiene ensured the completion of all previously planned tasks as the lead researcher. This ensured the achievement of the planned Project-Level Expenditure (PLE) and a smooth transition following the replacement of Dr.sc.ing. D.Bajare.
Furthermore, it is important to note that the project adhered to the principle of "Equal opportunities" as established in section 3.1 of the project application. The requirement of having a female scientific manager, promoting gender equality, was maintained throughout the project.

1.1.7. Mid - term evaluation of scientific quality

On 25.05.2023, it was reported by the Agency that the project's progress in implementing its plan has been evaluated through the mid-term report and is in accordance with expectations. A positive consolidated assessment from experts included in the European Commission's expert database has also been received.
The following are the main conclusions drawn from the mid-term evaluation of the project:

• The research has been conducted according to the proposal, without significant deviations or problems, and the planned results have been achieved and delivered.
• The project implementation is directed towards achieving the project's aim, planned results, and monitoring indicators.
• The results achieved during project implementation are clearly and explicitly defined.
• The number of articles achieved already exceeds the planned value, and some of them have received a relevant number of citations. The number of prototypes developed corresponds to the planned value.
• The scientific quality of the project results obtained so far is sufficient considering their scientific value, degree of innovation, and compliance with the specific needs of the national economy in the construction sector.
• Project implementation is in compliance with the planned timeline.
• It is possible to achieve the planned aims and results within the project implementation period.

1.1.8. Sustainability

The sustainability of the project confirmed by various measures - at least five years after the final payment, the capacity and qualification of the project personnel will be increased. This was achieved by keeping the jobs of the two young scientists involved in the project (Ģirts Būmanis, Jurģis Zemītis).
Additionally, the project ensured the transfer of knowledge and technologies created within the project, including the publication of original scientific articles in journals or conference proceedings. These publications aimed to reach a citation index of at least 50 percent of the industry's average citation index. Based on the submitted scientific report, the project exceeded the planned number of publications. Going forward, new publications would only be prepared if there will be special or novel results after project implementation.
The project will be also registered technology rights - Latvian patent. According to the economic situation, the possibility of concluding a license agreement will be evaluated in the future. But commercializing a product involves several crucial steps such as market analysis, intellectual property protection, prototype refinement, ensure compliance with safety, quality, and other regulatory requirements. It is important to note that the project's plan initially aimed to develop products up to TRL 5. To proceed with commercialization, additional activities and funding are required. In case such circumstances arise, a project will be prepared to attract the necessary additional funding.
The project's sustainability is evident as the target group will continue to research and develop new technologies beyond the completion of the project. The concept developed will aid in creating intelligent materials and upgrading production technologies for ecological materials, promoting sustainable and ecological construction practices. The project's sustainability is further supported by scientific research, project applications, and the successful implementation of scientific projects submitted to various sources and programs. Notably, two international projects under the M-Eranet 2022 call have already been initiated: 1) "Wood waste containing composites for high-performance nearly zero-energy building panels," led by Riga Technical University (RTU, Latvia), with partners including Warsaw University of Technology (WUT, Poland), "Cewood" Ltd. (CEWOOD, Latvia), "Budynki z konopi" (BH, Poland), and Univ Savoie Mont Blanc (LOCIE, France); and 2) "Transforming waste into high-performance 3D printable cementitious composites," led by Riga Technical University (RTU, Latvia), with partners including the Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Instituteogy (ZAG, Slovenia), "Sakret" Ltd. (Latvia), and Kaunas University of Technology (KTU, Lithuania). These projects address issues related to the rational use of raw materials, recycling, energy efficiency, CO2 emission reduction, and align with the EU Green Deal initiatives. There is plan to develop at least two new proposals together with international team under call M-Eranet 2023.
Participation in the national calls, which are organised every year, is priority of the team to ensure sustainability of the Project. In total 5 new project proposals were submitted already in the year 2023.
The involvement of the research team in COST networking projects has resulted in enhanced mobility and recognition within the European scientific community, along with the formation and strengthening of new collaborations for joint research endeavours. The team has consistently promoted the mobility of young scientists and students through COST and ERASMUS + programs. As a WG leader, Project leader Diana Bajare is currently participating in COST Action CA21103 “Implementation of Circular Economy in the Built Environment”. This presents an excellent opportunity to expand the team's network and foster strong cooperation links. As part of this effort, young scientists and PhD students are scheduled to attend the COST Summer School, which is being organized by COST Action CA21103 in 2023.
The project implementation involved master, bachelor, and doctoral students, providing them with valuable hands-on experience and promoting their scientific careers. Their involvement in the coming scientific project described before will equip them with deeper skills and knowledge that will benefit their future professional endeavours. Additionally, the collaboration with national enterprises and building companies will continue to ensure the transfer of knowledge and technologies from universities to the industry, facilitating the adoption of sustainable and ecological practices in construction. This partnership presents a great opportunity for students to work alongside industry experts and gain practical insights into the field.
The project's sustainability is further evidenced by the increase in the innovation system's capacity five years after the final payment, ensuring the transfer of knowledge and technology generated within the project. Sufficient human resources are available to continue initiated research, while conditions for the formation of an academic career are created for young scientists and doctoral students. The project's results, such as scientific publications, will increase the institution's recognition in the EU's scientific environment and impact science policy making.
The project's planned public education and information activities will promote awareness of sustainable construction and reduce barriers that society faces due to confusion, stigmatization, insecurity, and financial/economic conditions. The project's sustainability is also based on the transfer and use of planned knowledge and technologies to ensure the needs of target audiences, as supported by industry associations and societies, including the Ministry of Economics of the Republic of Latvia.

2. SCIENTIFIC QUALITY (innovation level of results, compliance with the aim and
content of the project)

2.1. Scientific value of project results, innovation level and compliance with the results
achieved by the project to meet the needs of the relevant economic sector or society
Scientific value and innovation level of the project results

The project conducted extensive research on the use of renewable resources, particularly natural
fibers, in the construction industry, and the results have high scientific value. The project's findings
have been published in twelve scientific papers (dated in the Scopus data base) and have been cited
many times, indicating their importance and relevance to the field, for example, Bumanis, G., Vitola,
L., Pundiene, I., Sinka, M., Bajare, D., Gypsum, geopolymers, and starch-alternative binders for bio-
based building materials: A review and life-cycle assessment, Sustainability (Switzerland), 2020,
12(14), (Open Access) (CiteScore in 2021 – 5.0 and SNIP in 2020 – 1.310) has already 34 citations.
The project's focus on developing innovative insulation materials and engineering-technical
solutions for low-energy eco-friendly houses is contributing to the sustainable development of the
construction industry, particularly in reducing the negative impact on the environment caused by
economic development.
The project is contributing to the development of innovative insulation materials and engineering-
technical solutions for low-energy eco-friendly houses. It provided a rational 3D model and
microclimate analysis for such houses. Additionally, the project conducted a life cycle analysis and
studied social opinions regarding green lifestyles and eco-friendly building, leading to the
development of guidelines for low-energy buildings from renewable natural resources. The project's
results are providing valuable insights and solutions for the sustainable development of the
construction industry, particularly in reducing the negative impact on the environment caused by
economic development.
The innovation level of the project is defined as eco-innovation, as it promotes the efficient use of
renewable resources (wood and natural fibers) and the protection of the environment. The project's
results are contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions in the building sector, both nationally and
globally. The use of natural fibers in insulation materials and the development of engineering-
technical solutions for low-energy eco-friendly houses are relatively new concepts, and the project's
results providing innovative solutions for the construction industry.
The project's impact on the economic sector and society is noteworthy, as it provides innovative
solutions for the development of sustainable, low-energy buildings. The interdisciplinary approach,
including social sciences, provides valuable insights into society's opinions and habits related to eco-
building and green thinking, contributing to the social acceptance and adoption of sustainable building
practices. The life-cycle assessment provides policymakers and industry with essential information
to support the development of sustainable building practices.
In conclusion, the project results have a high scientific value, innovation level, and compliance
with the needs of the relevant economic sector and society. The project's successful completion and
achievements provide valuable information and solutions for the development of sustainable and eco-
friendly buildings, promoting a more sustainable and eco-friendly society. The project's impact on
the national and international levels contributes to the advancement of science and economy and
supports the integration of findings within the EU scientific community.
Overall, the project's scientific value and innovation level are significant, as they are providing
new knowledge, insights, and solutions for the sustainable development of the construction industry.

Social and economic impact

The social and economic impact of the building industry cannot be overstated as it directly affects
both individuals and society as a whole. It also has a significant impact on the environment and
ecological balance. The building industry provides a foundation for the development of other sectors
of the economy, indicating the level of economic growth of a country. The Latvian State aims to
increase the productivity of the building sector by three times, increase turnover from EUR 1.5 billion29
per year to EUR 3 billion per year, and improve the educational and professional qualifications of
building professionals to ensure highly qualified specialists.
The project focused on increasing the growth of the industry, creating a high demand for young
professionals, and educating them on the benefits of preserving the environment. In order to achieve
this, public opinion on the utility of renewable resources were explored to reduce society's prejudices
and increase awareness of eco-buildings. Seminars were organized to educate the public on the
construction of energy-efficient and ecological buildings and their benefits. In additional, a popular
scientific article was prepared and published to underline benefits of eco-buildings.
The sustainable development of construction requires the preservation of the environment for
future generations. Although non-renewable resources are depleting, they can be used efficiently or
replaced with renewable natural resources to avoid environmental and health problems. The
implementation of the project’s results will provide Latvians with the opportunity to choose a home
with optimal conditions for health and a suitable microclimate that uses recyclable building materials
and structures while preserving the environment and reducing pollution.
Society's beliefs about eco-buildings not being suitable for long-term living are slowly changing
as customers are increasingly considering the construction of both traditional and eco-buildings.
People are becoming aware of advanced technologies that ensure the durability of eco-houses, and
manufacturers are noticing the changes in the choice of eco-houses. The use of renewable raw
materials in complex structures is increasing worldwide, and the proportion of new eco-buildings is
expected to grow rapidly
The social impact of the project is significant as it addresses the lack of knowledge and awareness
in society about sustainable building practices and promotes a green lifestyle. By conducting a study
of social opinion regarding green lifestyle and eco-friendly building and involving the community in
the process of resources saving, the project creates a positive impact on society. Additionally, the
project's focus on creating low-energy eco-friendly buildings will provide comfortable and healthy
living spaces for occupants, thereby improving their quality of life.
The economic impact of the project is also significant as it creates new opportunities for the
building industry by promoting the use of renewable resources and eco-friendly building materials.
The developed guidelines for low-energy buildings from ecological and renewable natural resources
will provide a roadmap for the industry to follow and create a competitive advantage for companies
that adopt sustainable building practices. The project's emphasis on creating new jobs and promoting
profitable growth in the future economy further strengthens its economic impact.

Impact of the project results on development of economy or the needs of the society

The focus of this project was to have a significant impact on the development of the economy and
the needs of society. The project was a collaboration between the Riga Technical University (RTU)
and WWL Houses Ltd., a building company that manufactures wooden building structures. The aim
was to share competences, infrastructure, and human resources to develop eco-friendly building
materials and construction processes. The project was non-commercial, and all new results and
knowledge were disseminated through dissemination plans and scientific publications, seminars and
other activities which could increase faith of society in eco-construction.
The results of the proposed project have a significant impact on the development of the economy
and the needs of society in several ways. Firstly, the project aims to develop innovative insulation
materials from natural fibers with increased heat insulation properties. The use of renewable resources
such as hemp and flax shives, rape straw, and wood chips and shavings in the production of insulation
materials might reduce the dependency on non-renewable resources, thereby promoting sustainable
development. This might lead to a reduction in the overall cost of insulation materials, as well as the
cost of energy consumption for heating and cooling, which will benefit both homeowners and
businesses. Additionally, the use of renewable resources in building construction will reduce the
carbon footprint of the building sector and promote a more environmentally friendly approach to
construction, which will have long-term benefits for the planet.
The scientific quantitative measurable results obtained during the project realization provide
growing rating of RTU in the state and region. Developed technologies and methods (TRL5) provide
rational use of raw materials for structural purposes, stimulate collaboration between enterprises30
working in different branches, decrease the usage of non-renewable resources in load bearing
structures, and increase efficiency use of renewable resources. The implementation of research results
in the national economy will have significant benefits such as up to a 60% shorter construction time,
environment-friendly materials, and carbon encapsulated materials, efficient use of non-renewable
and renewable resources, clean and quiet building processes, reduction in CO2 emissions and energy
resources, efficient use of renewable resources in the manufacturing of building materials, reduced
technological obstacles and societal prejudices related to sustainable building possibilities and
benefits, and recyclability of materials and economic benefits.
The objective of the project was in accordance with the objectives declared in the Cabinet of
Ministers Regulations, which is to support research contributing to the achievement of the Latvian
Smart Specialization Strategy, the development of human capital for science and technology, and the
creation of new knowledge for the improvement of competitiveness of the national economy. The
project conformed to the goals and priorities of the RIS3, which is to change the production and export
structure of traditional sectors of the economy and focus on sectors where products and services with
a high added value exist or could appear.
The results of the project are sustainable and have a significant impact on the Latvian innovation
capacity in the building industry, promoting the development of a new market and increasing
companies’ competitiveness. The project had been recommended by the Latvian Wood Construction
Cluster, Latvian Material Research Society, Latvian Association of Structural Engineers, and Latvian
Association of Building Material Producers for its significance in transforming the Latvian national
economy.